1 00:00:09,210 --> 00:00:12,770 each year since 1970 bleeding space 2 00:00:12,770 --> 00:00:12,780 each year since 1970 bleeding space 3 00:00:12,780 --> 00:00:14,420 each year since 1970 bleeding space scientists from throughout the world 4 00:00:14,420 --> 00:00:14,430 scientists from throughout the world 5 00:00:14,430 --> 00:00:16,490 scientists from throughout the world have gathered in Houston at NASA's 6 00:00:16,490 --> 00:00:16,500 have gathered in Houston at NASA's 7 00:00:16,500 --> 00:00:18,710 have gathered in Houston at NASA's Johnson Space Center and the lunar and 8 00:00:18,710 --> 00:00:18,720 Johnson Space Center and the lunar and 9 00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:20,929 Johnson Space Center and the lunar and planetary institute to exchange ideas 10 00:00:20,929 --> 00:00:20,939 planetary institute to exchange ideas 11 00:00:20,939 --> 00:00:24,920 planetary institute to exchange ideas and information the nineteen seventy 12 00:00:24,920 --> 00:00:24,930 and information the nineteen seventy 13 00:00:24,930 --> 00:00:26,479 and information the nineteen seventy nine conference marks a special 14 00:00:26,479 --> 00:00:26,489 nine conference marks a special 15 00:00:26,489 --> 00:00:28,700 nine conference marks a special observance it is the tenth anniversary 16 00:00:28,700 --> 00:00:28,710 observance it is the tenth anniversary 17 00:00:28,710 --> 00:00:31,930 observance it is the tenth anniversary of the first Apollo landing on the moon 18 00:00:31,930 --> 00:00:31,940 of the first Apollo landing on the moon 19 00:00:31,940 --> 00:00:35,240 of the first Apollo landing on the moon in the space sciences where it is common 20 00:00:35,240 --> 00:00:35,250 in the space sciences where it is common 21 00:00:35,250 --> 00:00:37,700 in the space sciences where it is common to deal with eons and millennia ten 22 00:00:37,700 --> 00:00:37,710 to deal with eons and millennia ten 23 00:00:37,710 --> 00:00:41,840 to deal with eons and millennia ten years is a mere blink of the eye get in 24 00:00:41,840 --> 00:00:41,850 years is a mere blink of the eye get in 25 00:00:41,850 --> 00:00:44,479 years is a mere blink of the eye get in that brief span those here today have 26 00:00:44,479 --> 00:00:44,489 that brief span those here today have 27 00:00:44,489 --> 00:00:47,180 that brief span those here today have witnessed almost total upheaval in their 28 00:00:47,180 --> 00:00:47,190 witnessed almost total upheaval in their 29 00:00:47,190 --> 00:00:51,049 witnessed almost total upheaval in their respective scientific field to say that 30 00:00:51,049 --> 00:00:51,059 respective scientific field to say that 31 00:00:51,059 --> 00:00:53,479 respective scientific field to say that we have undergone a revolution in lunar 32 00:00:53,479 --> 00:00:53,489 we have undergone a revolution in lunar 33 00:00:53,489 --> 00:00:56,180 we have undergone a revolution in lunar and planetary science is more than just 34 00:00:56,180 --> 00:00:56,190 and planetary science is more than just 35 00:00:56,190 --> 00:00:58,910 and planetary science is more than just rhetoric when you consider how far we've 36 00:00:58,910 --> 00:00:58,920 rhetoric when you consider how far we've 37 00:00:58,920 --> 00:01:36,700 rhetoric when you consider how far we've come in a single decade 38 00:01:36,700 --> 00:01:36,710 39 00:01:36,710 --> 00:01:40,130 before the Apollo era scientists who 40 00:01:40,130 --> 00:01:40,140 before the Apollo era scientists who 41 00:01:40,140 --> 00:01:42,260 before the Apollo era scientists who wanted to learn more about the formation 42 00:01:42,260 --> 00:01:42,270 wanted to learn more about the formation 43 00:01:42,270 --> 00:01:44,660 wanted to learn more about the formation and evolution of the solar system didn't 44 00:01:44,660 --> 00:01:44,670 and evolution of the solar system didn't 45 00:01:44,670 --> 00:01:48,109 and evolution of the solar system didn't have much to work with from the entire 46 00:01:48,109 --> 00:01:48,119 have much to work with from the entire 47 00:01:48,119 --> 00:01:51,109 have much to work with from the entire solar system they had only two sources 48 00:01:51,109 --> 00:01:51,119 solar system they had only two sources 49 00:01:51,119 --> 00:01:53,149 solar system they had only two sources of materials available for direct 50 00:01:53,149 --> 00:01:53,159 of materials available for direct 51 00:01:53,159 --> 00:01:56,179 of materials available for direct analysis meteorites that had fallen to 52 00:01:56,179 --> 00:01:56,189 analysis meteorites that had fallen to 53 00:01:56,189 --> 00:01:59,569 analysis meteorites that had fallen to Earth from outer space and of course the 54 00:01:59,569 --> 00:01:59,579 Earth from outer space and of course the 55 00:01:59,579 --> 00:02:07,740 Earth from outer space and of course the rocks and soils of Earth 56 00:02:07,740 --> 00:02:07,750 57 00:02:07,750 --> 00:02:10,960 but the dynamic nature of the earth has 58 00:02:10,960 --> 00:02:10,970 but the dynamic nature of the earth has 59 00:02:10,970 --> 00:02:12,580 but the dynamic nature of the earth has resulted in the processing and 60 00:02:12,580 --> 00:02:12,590 resulted in the processing and 61 00:02:12,590 --> 00:02:15,280 resulted in the processing and reprocessing of its rocks and soils for 62 00:02:15,280 --> 00:02:15,290 reprocessing of its rocks and soils for 63 00:02:15,290 --> 00:02:17,949 reprocessing of its rocks and soils for hundreds of millions of years totally 64 00:02:17,949 --> 00:02:17,959 hundreds of millions of years totally 65 00:02:17,959 --> 00:02:24,900 hundreds of millions of years totally destroying its early geological record 66 00:02:24,900 --> 00:02:24,910 67 00:02:24,910 --> 00:02:28,180 as a result on earth Rock more than 68 00:02:28,180 --> 00:02:28,190 as a result on earth Rock more than 69 00:02:28,190 --> 00:02:30,100 as a result on earth Rock more than three billion years old is a rare find 70 00:02:30,100 --> 00:02:30,110 three billion years old is a rare find 71 00:02:30,110 --> 00:02:34,390 three billion years old is a rare find even today most earth materials are far 72 00:02:34,390 --> 00:02:34,400 even today most earth materials are far 73 00:02:34,400 --> 00:02:38,350 even today most earth materials are far younger but meteorites that have fallen 74 00:02:38,350 --> 00:02:38,360 younger but meteorites that have fallen 75 00:02:38,360 --> 00:02:40,449 younger but meteorites that have fallen to earth were found to be extremely old 76 00:02:40,449 --> 00:02:40,459 to earth were found to be extremely old 77 00:02:40,459 --> 00:02:44,979 to earth were found to be extremely old the oldest about 4.6 billion years and 78 00:02:44,979 --> 00:02:44,989 the oldest about 4.6 billion years and 79 00:02:44,989 --> 00:02:47,710 the oldest about 4.6 billion years and most scientists believe that was near 80 00:02:47,710 --> 00:02:47,720 most scientists believe that was near 81 00:02:47,720 --> 00:02:52,030 most scientists believe that was near the time the solar system formed so 82 00:02:52,030 --> 00:02:52,040 the time the solar system formed so 83 00:02:52,040 --> 00:02:54,100 the time the solar system formed so between the ages of earth rocks and 84 00:02:54,100 --> 00:02:54,110 between the ages of earth rocks and 85 00:02:54,110 --> 00:02:56,920 between the ages of earth rocks and meteorites there was at the time a gap 86 00:02:56,920 --> 00:02:56,930 meteorites there was at the time a gap 87 00:02:56,930 --> 00:02:59,890 meteorites there was at the time a gap of a billion and a half years a period 88 00:02:59,890 --> 00:02:59,900 of a billion and a half years a period 89 00:02:59,900 --> 00:03:05,130 of a billion and a half years a period totally erased from the earth 90 00:03:05,130 --> 00:03:05,140 91 00:03:05,140 --> 00:03:08,220 blown before the Apollo era the idea 92 00:03:08,220 --> 00:03:08,230 blown before the Apollo era the idea 93 00:03:08,230 --> 00:03:10,260 blown before the Apollo era the idea that perhaps knowing the moon would lead 94 00:03:10,260 --> 00:03:10,270 that perhaps knowing the moon would lead 95 00:03:10,270 --> 00:03:12,090 that perhaps knowing the moon would lead to a better understanding of Earth and 96 00:03:12,090 --> 00:03:12,100 to a better understanding of Earth and 97 00:03:12,100 --> 00:03:14,100 to a better understanding of Earth and the solar system had occurred to many 98 00:03:14,100 --> 00:03:14,110 the solar system had occurred to many 99 00:03:14,110 --> 00:03:17,130 the solar system had occurred to many investigators and with the telescope 100 00:03:17,130 --> 00:03:17,140 investigators and with the telescope 101 00:03:17,140 --> 00:03:23,150 investigators and with the telescope they studied it's every surface feature 102 00:03:23,150 --> 00:03:23,160 103 00:03:23,160 --> 00:03:25,860 they charted the dominant light shaded 104 00:03:25,860 --> 00:03:25,870 they charted the dominant light shaded 105 00:03:25,870 --> 00:03:28,920 they charted the dominant light shaded areas the highlands pitted and scarred 106 00:03:28,920 --> 00:03:28,930 areas the highlands pitted and scarred 107 00:03:28,930 --> 00:03:32,280 areas the highlands pitted and scarred from eons of meteoroid impacts and the 108 00:03:32,280 --> 00:03:32,290 from eons of meteoroid impacts and the 109 00:03:32,290 --> 00:03:35,550 from eons of meteoroid impacts and the smooth dark basins the Galileo in the 110 00:03:35,550 --> 00:03:35,560 smooth dark basins the Galileo in the 111 00:03:35,560 --> 00:03:38,070 smooth dark basins the Galileo in the early 17th century had called the maurya 112 00:03:38,070 --> 00:03:38,080 early 17th century had called the maurya 113 00:03:38,080 --> 00:03:42,000 early 17th century had called the maurya for lunar seas they were able to 114 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:42,010 for lunar seas they were able to 115 00:03:42,010 --> 00:03:43,949 for lunar seas they were able to calculate the height of lunar mountains 116 00:03:43,949 --> 00:03:43,959 calculate the height of lunar mountains 117 00:03:43,959 --> 00:03:46,890 calculate the height of lunar mountains some of which rise five kilometers above 118 00:03:46,890 --> 00:03:46,900 some of which rise five kilometers above 119 00:03:46,900 --> 00:03:49,800 some of which rise five kilometers above the terrain they knew the length of 120 00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:49,810 the terrain they knew the length of 121 00:03:49,810 --> 00:03:52,440 the terrain they knew the length of ancient scarps or faults which may slice 122 00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:52,450 ancient scarps or faults which may slice 123 00:03:52,450 --> 00:03:54,630 ancient scarps or faults which may slice across the moon's face for a hundred of 124 00:03:54,630 --> 00:03:54,640 across the moon's face for a hundred of 125 00:03:54,640 --> 00:03:58,770 across the moon's face for a hundred of more kilometers from pole to pole they 126 00:03:58,770 --> 00:03:58,780 more kilometers from pole to pole they 127 00:03:58,780 --> 00:04:02,160 more kilometers from pole to pole they studied craters older ones without lions 128 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:02,170 studied craters older ones without lions 129 00:04:02,170 --> 00:04:05,130 studied craters older ones without lions barely visible newer ones with streaks 130 00:04:05,130 --> 00:04:05,140 barely visible newer ones with streaks 131 00:04:05,140 --> 00:04:06,900 barely visible newer ones with streaks of displaced rubble radiating out from 132 00:04:06,900 --> 00:04:06,910 of displaced rubble radiating out from 133 00:04:06,910 --> 00:04:10,229 of displaced rubble radiating out from their centres craters overlying craters 134 00:04:10,229 --> 00:04:10,239 their centres craters overlying craters 135 00:04:10,239 --> 00:04:15,990 their centres craters overlying craters and craters within craters scientists 136 00:04:15,990 --> 00:04:16,000 and craters within craters scientists 137 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:17,819 and craters within craters scientists thus came to know the moon's surface 138 00:04:17,819 --> 00:04:17,829 thus came to know the moon's surface 139 00:04:17,829 --> 00:04:21,210 thus came to know the moon's surface features in minut detail yet beyond what 140 00:04:21,210 --> 00:04:21,220 features in minut detail yet beyond what 141 00:04:21,220 --> 00:04:23,790 features in minut detail yet beyond what they saw they could only speculate about 142 00:04:23,790 --> 00:04:23,800 they saw they could only speculate about 143 00:04:23,800 --> 00:04:26,820 they saw they could only speculate about its origin its age its chemical 144 00:04:26,820 --> 00:04:26,830 its origin its age its chemical 145 00:04:26,830 --> 00:04:29,730 its origin its age its chemical composition its structure and about what 146 00:04:29,730 --> 00:04:29,740 composition its structure and about what 147 00:04:29,740 --> 00:04:32,270 composition its structure and about what processes had shaped it in the past 148 00:04:32,270 --> 00:04:32,280 processes had shaped it in the past 149 00:04:32,280 --> 00:04:35,310 processes had shaped it in the past there was no shortage of theories but 150 00:04:35,310 --> 00:04:35,320 there was no shortage of theories but 151 00:04:35,320 --> 00:04:41,640 there was no shortage of theories but there were very few facts by the late 152 00:04:41,640 --> 00:04:41,650 there were very few facts by the late 153 00:04:41,650 --> 00:04:45,120 there were very few facts by the late 1950s improved technology in the form of 154 00:04:45,120 --> 00:04:45,130 1950s improved technology in the form of 155 00:04:45,130 --> 00:04:47,250 1950s improved technology in the form of automated spacecraft gave us a new 156 00:04:47,250 --> 00:04:47,260 automated spacecraft gave us a new 157 00:04:47,260 --> 00:04:53,100 automated spacecraft gave us a new perspective of the moon these unmanned 158 00:04:53,100 --> 00:04:53,110 perspective of the moon these unmanned 159 00:04:53,110 --> 00:04:55,440 perspective of the moon these unmanned probes from both the Soviet Union and 160 00:04:55,440 --> 00:04:55,450 probes from both the Soviet Union and 161 00:04:55,450 --> 00:04:58,200 probes from both the Soviet Union and the United States sent back images never 162 00:04:58,200 --> 00:04:58,210 the United States sent back images never 163 00:04:58,210 --> 00:05:01,050 the United States sent back images never before seen by the telescope including 164 00:05:01,050 --> 00:05:01,060 before seen by the telescope including 165 00:05:01,060 --> 00:05:04,260 before seen by the telescope including the first views of the moon's backside 166 00:05:04,260 --> 00:05:04,270 the first views of the moon's backside 167 00:05:04,270 --> 00:05:07,170 the first views of the moon's backside from surveyor spacecraft that soft 168 00:05:07,170 --> 00:05:07,180 from surveyor spacecraft that soft 169 00:05:07,180 --> 00:05:09,120 from surveyor spacecraft that soft landed on the surface there were even 170 00:05:09,120 --> 00:05:09,130 landed on the surface there were even 171 00:05:09,130 --> 00:05:11,280 landed on the surface there were even some basic data on the nature and 172 00:05:11,280 --> 00:05:11,290 some basic data on the nature and 173 00:05:11,290 --> 00:05:13,760 some basic data on the nature and chemistry of lunar surface materials 174 00:05:13,760 --> 00:05:13,770 chemistry of lunar surface materials 175 00:05:13,770 --> 00:05:17,340 chemistry of lunar surface materials here too was the first concrete proof 176 00:05:17,340 --> 00:05:17,350 here too was the first concrete proof 177 00:05:17,350 --> 00:05:19,770 here too was the first concrete proof that landing craft and astronauts would 178 00:05:19,770 --> 00:05:19,780 that landing craft and astronauts would 179 00:05:19,780 --> 00:05:22,080 that landing craft and astronauts would not sink from site in the Padre lunar 180 00:05:22,080 --> 00:05:22,090 not sink from site in the Padre lunar 181 00:05:22,090 --> 00:05:25,740 not sink from site in the Padre lunar dust yet for all the centuries of 182 00:05:25,740 --> 00:05:25,750 dust yet for all the centuries of 183 00:05:25,750 --> 00:05:28,410 dust yet for all the centuries of telescopic study and more recently the 184 00:05:28,410 --> 00:05:28,420 telescopic study and more recently the 185 00:05:28,420 --> 00:05:31,260 telescopic study and more recently the flurry of automated moon probes the 186 00:05:31,260 --> 00:05:31,270 flurry of automated moon probes the 187 00:05:31,270 --> 00:05:33,480 flurry of automated moon probes the detailed analysis of earth materials and 188 00:05:33,480 --> 00:05:33,490 detailed analysis of earth materials and 189 00:05:33,490 --> 00:05:36,330 detailed analysis of earth materials and meteorites in spite of all that was 190 00:05:36,330 --> 00:05:36,340 meteorites in spite of all that was 191 00:05:36,340 --> 00:05:39,080 meteorites in spite of all that was accomplished prior to the Apollo program 192 00:05:39,080 --> 00:05:39,090 accomplished prior to the Apollo program 193 00:05:39,090 --> 00:05:41,610 accomplished prior to the Apollo program we knew next to nothing about the 194 00:05:41,610 --> 00:05:41,620 we knew next to nothing about the 195 00:05:41,620 --> 00:05:44,280 we knew next to nothing about the history composition and structure of the 196 00:05:44,280 --> 00:05:44,290 history composition and structure of the 197 00:05:44,290 --> 00:05:51,120 history composition and structure of the moon extremely different views were held 198 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:51,130 moon extremely different views were held 199 00:05:51,130 --> 00:05:53,630 moon extremely different views were held by eminent scientists the world over 200 00:05:53,630 --> 00:05:53,640 by eminent scientists the world over 201 00:05:53,640 --> 00:05:56,910 by eminent scientists the world over theories and opinions snowball and in 202 00:05:56,910 --> 00:05:56,920 theories and opinions snowball and in 203 00:05:56,920 --> 00:05:58,980 theories and opinions snowball and in the absence of facts they clashed 204 00:05:58,980 --> 00:05:58,990 the absence of facts they clashed 205 00:05:58,990 --> 00:06:03,600 the absence of facts they clashed head-on unless we could obtain pieces of 206 00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:03,610 head-on unless we could obtain pieces of 207 00:06:03,610 --> 00:06:05,600 head-on unless we could obtain pieces of the moon for study and analysis 208 00:06:05,600 --> 00:06:05,610 the moon for study and analysis 209 00:06:05,610 --> 00:06:07,710 the moon for study and analysis understanding it would remain an 210 00:06:07,710 --> 00:06:07,720 understanding it would remain an 211 00:06:07,720 --> 00:06:28,250 understanding it would remain an impossible dream 212 00:06:28,250 --> 00:06:28,260 213 00:06:28,260 --> 00:06:30,659 she know you're looking great coming up 214 00:06:30,659 --> 00:06:30,669 she know you're looking great coming up 215 00:06:30,669 --> 00:06:33,050 she know you're looking great coming up now do I twentieth nineteen sixty-nine 216 00:06:33,050 --> 00:06:33,060 now do I twentieth nineteen sixty-nine 217 00:06:33,060 --> 00:06:38,540 now do I twentieth nineteen sixty-nine the dream became reality 60-second 218 00:06:38,540 --> 00:06:38,550 the dream became reality 60-second 219 00:06:38,550 --> 00:06:45,510 the dream became reality 60-second Python forward forward that's pretty 220 00:06:45,510 --> 00:06:45,520 Python forward forward that's pretty 221 00:06:45,520 --> 00:06:48,620 Python forward forward that's pretty feet down to an ABS picking up some dust 222 00:06:48,620 --> 00:06:48,630 feet down to an ABS picking up some dust 223 00:06:48,630 --> 00:06:51,659 feet down to an ABS picking up some dust City Pete's two and a half down make 224 00:06:51,659 --> 00:06:51,669 City Pete's two and a half down make 225 00:06:51,669 --> 00:06:55,860 City Pete's two and a half down make shadows for forward four forward 226 00:06:55,860 --> 00:06:55,870 shadows for forward four forward 227 00:06:55,870 --> 00:06:57,750 shadows for forward four forward drifting to the right little headache 228 00:06:57,750 --> 00:06:57,760 drifting to the right little headache 229 00:06:57,760 --> 00:07:08,129 drifting to the right little headache and a hat shutting second over just hey 230 00:07:08,129 --> 00:07:08,139 231 00:07:08,139 --> 00:07:11,879 I'm back right okay engine stop we copy 232 00:07:11,879 --> 00:07:11,889 I'm back right okay engine stop we copy 233 00:07:11,889 --> 00:07:15,719 I'm back right okay engine stop we copy you down eagle Griffin fan quality base 234 00:07:15,719 --> 00:07:15,729 you down eagle Griffin fan quality base 235 00:07:15,729 --> 00:07:19,890 you down eagle Griffin fan quality base here the eagle has landed tranquility we 236 00:07:19,890 --> 00:07:19,900 here the eagle has landed tranquility we 237 00:07:19,900 --> 00:07:22,739 here the eagle has landed tranquility we copy on a crafter years of planet the 238 00:07:22,739 --> 00:07:22,749 copy on a crafter years of planet the 239 00:07:22,749 --> 00:07:25,679 copy on a crafter years of planet the detailed on-site exploration of the moon 240 00:07:25,679 --> 00:07:25,689 detailed on-site exploration of the moon 241 00:07:25,689 --> 00:07:30,239 detailed on-site exploration of the moon had begun and briefly the world stopped 242 00:07:30,239 --> 00:07:30,249 had begun and briefly the world stopped 243 00:07:30,249 --> 00:07:33,209 had begun and briefly the world stopped as people everywhere shared this 244 00:07:33,209 --> 00:07:33,219 as people everywhere shared this 245 00:07:33,219 --> 00:07:41,369 as people everywhere shared this greatest of moments even scientists had 246 00:07:41,369 --> 00:07:41,379 greatest of moments even scientists had 247 00:07:41,379 --> 00:07:43,890 greatest of moments even scientists had spent years preparing for this day were 248 00:07:43,890 --> 00:07:43,900 spent years preparing for this day were 249 00:07:43,900 --> 00:07:46,499 spent years preparing for this day were awestruck by the sights and sounds from 250 00:07:46,499 --> 00:07:46,509 awestruck by the sights and sounds from 251 00:07:46,509 --> 00:07:52,320 awestruck by the sights and sounds from the memory making the most of their 252 00:07:52,320 --> 00:07:52,330 the memory making the most of their 253 00:07:52,330 --> 00:07:54,719 the memory making the most of their brief time on the surface the astronauts 254 00:07:54,719 --> 00:07:54,729 brief time on the surface the astronauts 255 00:07:54,729 --> 00:07:57,420 brief time on the surface the astronauts set up a small science station to return 256 00:07:57,420 --> 00:07:57,430 set up a small science station to return 257 00:07:57,430 --> 00:08:00,240 set up a small science station to return data back to earth it was the forerunner 258 00:08:00,240 --> 00:08:00,250 data back to earth it was the forerunner 259 00:08:00,250 --> 00:08:02,459 data back to earth it was the forerunner of other stations erected on later 260 00:08:02,459 --> 00:08:02,469 of other stations erected on later 261 00:08:02,469 --> 00:08:05,610 of other stations erected on later missions it was this network that would 262 00:08:05,610 --> 00:08:05,620 missions it was this network that would 263 00:08:05,620 --> 00:08:07,559 missions it was this network that would allow scientists to keep track the 264 00:08:07,559 --> 00:08:07,569 allow scientists to keep track the 265 00:08:07,569 --> 00:08:10,200 allow scientists to keep track the balloons geologic behavior for several 266 00:08:10,200 --> 00:08:10,210 balloons geologic behavior for several 267 00:08:10,210 --> 00:08:14,159 balloons geologic behavior for several years tranquility base presented the 268 00:08:14,159 --> 00:08:14,169 years tranquility base presented the 269 00:08:14,169 --> 00:08:16,379 years tranquility base presented the Apollo 11 crew with an assortment of 270 00:08:16,379 --> 00:08:16,389 Apollo 11 crew with an assortment of 271 00:08:16,389 --> 00:08:19,619 Apollo 11 crew with an assortment of rocks and soils most of it appeared to 272 00:08:19,619 --> 00:08:19,629 rocks and soils most of it appeared to 273 00:08:19,629 --> 00:08:22,350 rocks and soils most of it appeared to be the Celtic rock the most common form 274 00:08:22,350 --> 00:08:22,360 be the Celtic rock the most common form 275 00:08:22,360 --> 00:08:25,649 be the Celtic rock the most common form of volcanic lava whether or not there's 276 00:08:25,649 --> 00:08:25,659 of volcanic lava whether or not there's 277 00:08:25,659 --> 00:08:27,749 of volcanic lava whether or not there's ever been volcanic eruptions on the moon 278 00:08:27,749 --> 00:08:27,759 ever been volcanic eruptions on the moon 279 00:08:27,759 --> 00:08:30,119 ever been volcanic eruptions on the moon had been one of the major pre Apollo 280 00:08:30,119 --> 00:08:30,129 had been one of the major pre Apollo 281 00:08:30,129 --> 00:08:33,509 had been one of the major pre Apollo debates now within minutes after the 282 00:08:33,509 --> 00:08:33,519 debates now within minutes after the 283 00:08:33,519 --> 00:08:35,850 debates now within minutes after the cruise stepped onto the lunar surface it 284 00:08:35,850 --> 00:08:35,860 cruise stepped onto the lunar surface it 285 00:08:35,860 --> 00:08:39,659 cruise stepped onto the lunar surface it was no longer an issue but quick and 286 00:08:39,659 --> 00:08:39,669 was no longer an issue but quick and 287 00:08:39,669 --> 00:08:43,019 was no longer an issue but quick and easy answers would be the exception most 288 00:08:43,019 --> 00:08:43,029 easy answers would be the exception most 289 00:08:43,029 --> 00:08:45,420 easy answers would be the exception most discoveries about the moon would have to 290 00:08:45,420 --> 00:08:45,430 discoveries about the moon would have to 291 00:08:45,430 --> 00:08:47,670 discoveries about the moon would have to be built piece by piece from tiny 292 00:08:47,670 --> 00:08:47,680 be built piece by piece from tiny 293 00:08:47,680 --> 00:08:50,100 be built piece by piece from tiny fragments of information during the many 294 00:08:50,100 --> 00:08:50,110 fragments of information during the many 295 00:08:50,110 --> 00:08:58,590 fragments of information during the many months of painstaking work bed lay ahead 296 00:08:58,590 --> 00:08:58,600 297 00:08:58,600 --> 00:09:01,330 when Apollo 11 returned to earth a 298 00:09:01,330 --> 00:09:01,340 when Apollo 11 returned to earth a 299 00:09:01,340 --> 00:09:03,700 when Apollo 11 returned to earth a carefully developed program of lunar 300 00:09:03,700 --> 00:09:03,710 carefully developed program of lunar 301 00:09:03,710 --> 00:09:07,020 carefully developed program of lunar samples investigation was set in motion 302 00:09:07,020 --> 00:09:07,030 samples investigation was set in motion 303 00:09:07,030 --> 00:09:09,450 samples investigation was set in motion geologists physicists chemists 304 00:09:09,450 --> 00:09:09,460 geologists physicists chemists 305 00:09:09,460 --> 00:09:12,580 geologists physicists chemists biologists several hundred scientists 306 00:09:12,580 --> 00:09:12,590 biologists several hundred scientists 307 00:09:12,590 --> 00:09:14,980 biologists several hundred scientists from here and abroad had pooled their 308 00:09:14,980 --> 00:09:14,990 from here and abroad had pooled their 309 00:09:14,990 --> 00:09:21,710 from here and abroad had pooled their talents for the task at hand 310 00:09:21,710 --> 00:09:21,720 311 00:09:21,720 --> 00:09:23,809 although investigators worked with the 312 00:09:23,809 --> 00:09:23,819 although investigators worked with the 313 00:09:23,819 --> 00:09:26,389 although investigators worked with the same types of samples they look for 314 00:09:26,389 --> 00:09:26,399 same types of samples they look for 315 00:09:26,399 --> 00:09:29,059 same types of samples they look for different things some groups measured 316 00:09:29,059 --> 00:09:29,069 different things some groups measured 317 00:09:29,069 --> 00:09:32,809 different things some groups measured ages and chemical compositions others 318 00:09:32,809 --> 00:09:32,819 ages and chemical compositions others 319 00:09:32,819 --> 00:09:34,699 ages and chemical compositions others worked on the chemistry of minerals and 320 00:09:34,699 --> 00:09:34,709 worked on the chemistry of minerals and 321 00:09:34,709 --> 00:09:37,730 worked on the chemistry of minerals and their atomic structure while some 322 00:09:37,730 --> 00:09:37,740 their atomic structure while some 323 00:09:37,740 --> 00:09:40,610 their atomic structure while some experimented defining the properties of 324 00:09:40,610 --> 00:09:40,620 experimented defining the properties of 325 00:09:40,620 --> 00:09:44,840 experimented defining the properties of lunar rocks and soils but not all of the 326 00:09:44,840 --> 00:09:44,850 lunar rocks and soils but not all of the 327 00:09:44,850 --> 00:09:47,869 lunar rocks and soils but not all of the investigators worked with samples some 328 00:09:47,869 --> 00:09:47,879 investigators worked with samples some 329 00:09:47,879 --> 00:09:49,939 investigators worked with samples some of them read electronic blips and 330 00:09:49,939 --> 00:09:49,949 of them read electronic blips and 331 00:09:49,949 --> 00:09:52,490 of them read electronic blips and tracings the signals coming from the 332 00:09:52,490 --> 00:09:52,500 tracings the signals coming from the 333 00:09:52,500 --> 00:09:54,110 tracings the signals coming from the geophysical instruments of the lunar 334 00:09:54,110 --> 00:09:54,120 geophysical instruments of the lunar 335 00:09:54,120 --> 00:09:57,769 geophysical instruments of the lunar science station here a running account 336 00:09:57,769 --> 00:09:57,779 science station here a running account 337 00:09:57,779 --> 00:10:00,920 science station here a running account of the moon's internal activity the 338 00:10:00,920 --> 00:10:00,930 of the moon's internal activity the 339 00:10:00,930 --> 00:10:02,689 of the moon's internal activity the basis for determining its structure 340 00:10:02,689 --> 00:10:02,699 basis for determining its structure 341 00:10:02,699 --> 00:10:05,449 basis for determining its structure would be recorded and deciphered for the 342 00:10:05,449 --> 00:10:05,459 would be recorded and deciphered for the 343 00:10:05,459 --> 00:10:12,949 would be recorded and deciphered for the next several years the techniques and 344 00:10:12,949 --> 00:10:12,959 next several years the techniques and 345 00:10:12,959 --> 00:10:14,960 next several years the techniques and procedures for investigating the moon 346 00:10:14,960 --> 00:10:14,970 procedures for investigating the moon 347 00:10:14,970 --> 00:10:23,810 procedures for investigating the moon were working and working well 348 00:10:23,810 --> 00:10:23,820 349 00:10:23,820 --> 00:10:26,830 the goal now was continued exploration 350 00:10:26,830 --> 00:10:26,840 the goal now was continued exploration 351 00:10:26,840 --> 00:10:29,960 the goal now was continued exploration to obtain a variety of lunar materials 352 00:10:29,960 --> 00:10:29,970 to obtain a variety of lunar materials 353 00:10:29,970 --> 00:10:32,810 to obtain a variety of lunar materials from different geological terrain and to 354 00:10:32,810 --> 00:10:32,820 from different geological terrain and to 355 00:10:32,820 --> 00:10:34,850 from different geological terrain and to establish a network of scientific 356 00:10:34,850 --> 00:10:34,860 establish a network of scientific 357 00:10:34,860 --> 00:10:40,550 establish a network of scientific stations over the next three and a half 358 00:10:40,550 --> 00:10:40,560 stations over the next three and a half 359 00:10:40,560 --> 00:10:43,640 stations over the next three and a half years Apollo 11 was followed by five 360 00:10:43,640 --> 00:10:43,650 years Apollo 11 was followed by five 361 00:10:43,650 --> 00:10:47,090 years Apollo 11 was followed by five more lunar landings all of the landing 362 00:10:47,090 --> 00:10:47,100 more lunar landings all of the landing 363 00:10:47,100 --> 00:10:49,430 more lunar landings all of the landing sites were near the lunar equator on the 364 00:10:49,430 --> 00:10:49,440 sites were near the lunar equator on the 365 00:10:49,440 --> 00:10:56,360 sites were near the lunar equator on the earth-facing side first mission to last 366 00:10:56,360 --> 00:10:56,370 earth-facing side first mission to last 367 00:10:56,370 --> 00:11:02,290 earth-facing side first mission to last the scientific game on grew steadily a 368 00:11:02,290 --> 00:11:02,300 369 00:11:02,300 --> 00:11:05,900 big factor was the lunar rover used on 370 00:11:05,900 --> 00:11:05,910 big factor was the lunar rover used on 371 00:11:05,910 --> 00:11:09,140 big factor was the lunar rover used on the last three missions with this new 372 00:11:09,140 --> 00:11:09,150 the last three missions with this new 373 00:11:09,150 --> 00:11:11,720 the last three missions with this new mobility crewmen ranged further from 374 00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:11,730 mobility crewmen ranged further from 375 00:11:11,730 --> 00:11:14,540 mobility crewmen ranged further from home base and along with modifications 376 00:11:14,540 --> 00:11:14,550 home base and along with modifications 377 00:11:14,550 --> 00:11:16,730 home base and along with modifications to the lunar module and the spacesuit 378 00:11:16,730 --> 00:11:16,740 to the lunar module and the spacesuit 379 00:11:16,740 --> 00:11:18,950 to the lunar module and the spacesuit they were able to stay longer at the 380 00:11:18,950 --> 00:11:18,960 they were able to stay longer at the 381 00:11:18,960 --> 00:11:26,750 they were able to stay longer at the exploration site on the final mission 382 00:11:26,750 --> 00:11:26,760 exploration site on the final mission 383 00:11:26,760 --> 00:11:29,060 exploration site on the final mission astronauts could extend their total 384 00:11:29,060 --> 00:11:29,070 astronauts could extend their total 385 00:11:29,070 --> 00:11:32,600 astronauts could extend their total exploration time to 75 hours quite a 386 00:11:32,600 --> 00:11:32,610 exploration time to 75 hours quite a 387 00:11:32,610 --> 00:11:34,940 exploration time to 75 hours quite a contrast to the two and a half hours of 388 00:11:34,940 --> 00:11:34,950 contrast to the two and a half hours of 389 00:11:34,950 --> 00:11:38,750 contrast to the two and a half hours of Apollo 11 more and better measurements 390 00:11:38,750 --> 00:11:38,760 Apollo 11 more and better measurements 391 00:11:38,760 --> 00:11:40,490 Apollo 11 more and better measurements were also transmitted from the lunar 392 00:11:40,490 --> 00:11:40,500 were also transmitted from the lunar 393 00:11:40,500 --> 00:11:42,800 were also transmitted from the lunar science stations which grew steadily in 394 00:11:42,800 --> 00:11:42,810 science stations which grew steadily in 395 00:11:42,810 --> 00:11:47,360 science stations which grew steadily in size and sophistication sample 396 00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:47,370 size and sophistication sample 397 00:11:47,370 --> 00:11:49,730 size and sophistication sample collecting to became more selective and 398 00:11:49,730 --> 00:11:49,740 collecting to became more selective and 399 00:11:49,740 --> 00:11:51,680 collecting to became more selective and better documented on the later missions 400 00:11:51,680 --> 00:11:51,690 better documented on the later missions 401 00:11:51,690 --> 00:11:55,670 better documented on the later missions and for the first time on Apollo 17 a 402 00:11:55,670 --> 00:11:55,680 and for the first time on Apollo 17 a 403 00:11:55,680 --> 00:12:09,370 and for the first time on Apollo 17 a geologist was a member of the crew on 404 00:12:09,370 --> 00:12:09,380 geologist was a member of the crew on 405 00:12:09,380 --> 00:12:14,000 geologist was a member of the crew on December 14 1972 the last Apollo crew 406 00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:14,010 December 14 1972 the last Apollo crew 407 00:12:14,010 --> 00:12:16,430 December 14 1972 the last Apollo crew lifted from the lunar surface and with 408 00:12:16,430 --> 00:12:16,440 lifted from the lunar surface and with 409 00:12:16,440 --> 00:12:19,010 lifted from the lunar surface and with them the exploratory phase of Apollo 410 00:12:19,010 --> 00:12:19,020 them the exploratory phase of Apollo 411 00:12:19,020 --> 00:12:22,850 them the exploratory phase of Apollo came to an end but the scientific phase 412 00:12:22,850 --> 00:12:22,860 came to an end but the scientific phase 413 00:12:22,860 --> 00:12:25,310 came to an end but the scientific phase which by then was well into its third 414 00:12:25,310 --> 00:12:25,320 which by then was well into its third 415 00:12:25,320 --> 00:12:27,890 which by then was well into its third year had already answered many of the 416 00:12:27,890 --> 00:12:27,900 year had already answered many of the 417 00:12:27,900 --> 00:12:34,740 year had already answered many of the major questions about the moon 418 00:12:34,740 --> 00:12:34,750 419 00:12:34,750 --> 00:12:38,100 the story that began to emerge told of a 420 00:12:38,100 --> 00:12:38,110 the story that began to emerge told of a 421 00:12:38,110 --> 00:12:40,320 the story that began to emerge told of a moon far more interesting and complex 422 00:12:40,320 --> 00:12:40,330 moon far more interesting and complex 423 00:12:40,330 --> 00:12:44,910 moon far more interesting and complex than ever anticipated for one thing moon 424 00:12:44,910 --> 00:12:44,920 than ever anticipated for one thing moon 425 00:12:44,920 --> 00:12:47,970 than ever anticipated for one thing moon rocks were found to be very old falling 426 00:12:47,970 --> 00:12:47,980 rocks were found to be very old falling 427 00:12:47,980 --> 00:12:50,430 rocks were found to be very old falling in a range from about three billion to 428 00:12:50,430 --> 00:12:50,440 in a range from about three billion to 429 00:12:50,440 --> 00:12:53,180 in a range from about three billion to well over four billion years 430 00:12:53,180 --> 00:12:53,190 well over four billion years 431 00:12:53,190 --> 00:12:57,180 well over four billion years significantly moon rock ages began about 432 00:12:57,180 --> 00:12:57,190 significantly moon rock ages began about 433 00:12:57,190 --> 00:12:58,800 significantly moon rock ages began about where the ages of the oldest preserved 434 00:12:58,800 --> 00:12:58,810 where the ages of the oldest preserved 435 00:12:58,810 --> 00:13:02,310 where the ages of the oldest preserved earth rocks left off so in learning 436 00:13:02,310 --> 00:13:02,320 earth rocks left off so in learning 437 00:13:02,320 --> 00:13:04,980 earth rocks left off so in learning about the moons past scientists were 438 00:13:04,980 --> 00:13:04,990 about the moons past scientists were 439 00:13:04,990 --> 00:13:06,990 about the moons past scientists were also filling in pieces of the missing 440 00:13:06,990 --> 00:13:07,000 also filling in pieces of the missing 441 00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:12,810 also filling in pieces of the missing history of the earth no new chemical 442 00:13:12,810 --> 00:13:12,820 history of the earth no new chemical 443 00:13:12,820 --> 00:13:15,120 history of the earth no new chemical elements were discovered but there were 444 00:13:15,120 --> 00:13:15,130 elements were discovered but there were 445 00:13:15,130 --> 00:13:17,340 elements were discovered but there were minerals that scientists had not seen 446 00:13:17,340 --> 00:13:17,350 minerals that scientists had not seen 447 00:13:17,350 --> 00:13:21,540 minerals that scientists had not seen before the moon was found to have no 448 00:13:21,540 --> 00:13:21,550 before the moon was found to have no 449 00:13:21,550 --> 00:13:25,110 before the moon was found to have no free oxygen no water and no trace of 450 00:13:25,110 --> 00:13:25,120 free oxygen no water and no trace of 451 00:13:25,120 --> 00:13:30,450 free oxygen no water and no trace of life present or past seismic activity 452 00:13:30,450 --> 00:13:30,460 life present or past seismic activity 453 00:13:30,460 --> 00:13:32,130 life present or past seismic activity inside the moon was found to be 454 00:13:32,130 --> 00:13:32,140 inside the moon was found to be 455 00:13:32,140 --> 00:13:35,550 inside the moon was found to be extremely weak only about 110 billions 456 00:13:35,550 --> 00:13:35,560 extremely weak only about 110 billions 457 00:13:35,560 --> 00:13:39,329 extremely weak only about 110 billions of the activity inside the earth except 458 00:13:39,329 --> 00:13:39,339 of the activity inside the earth except 459 00:13:39,339 --> 00:13:41,550 of the activity inside the earth except for the impact of small meteoroids and 460 00:13:41,550 --> 00:13:41,560 for the impact of small meteoroids and 461 00:13:41,560 --> 00:13:43,950 for the impact of small meteoroids and the steady stream of atomic particles 462 00:13:43,950 --> 00:13:43,960 the steady stream of atomic particles 463 00:13:43,960 --> 00:13:46,680 the steady stream of atomic particles from the Sun the moon explored by the 464 00:13:46,680 --> 00:13:46,690 from the Sun the moon explored by the 465 00:13:46,690 --> 00:13:49,530 from the Sun the moon explored by the astronauts had been quiet and inactive 466 00:13:49,530 --> 00:13:49,540 astronauts had been quiet and inactive 467 00:13:49,540 --> 00:13:55,650 astronauts had been quiet and inactive for the last three billion years but the 468 00:13:55,650 --> 00:13:55,660 for the last three billion years but the 469 00:13:55,660 --> 00:13:58,290 for the last three billion years but the investigations show it was not always so 470 00:13:58,290 --> 00:13:58,300 investigations show it was not always so 471 00:13:58,300 --> 00:14:01,740 investigations show it was not always so calm rocks from the lunar highlands 472 00:14:01,740 --> 00:14:01,750 calm rocks from the lunar highlands 473 00:14:01,750 --> 00:14:06,079 calm rocks from the lunar highlands revealed an extremely violent beginning 474 00:14:06,079 --> 00:14:06,089 revealed an extremely violent beginning 475 00:14:06,089 --> 00:14:08,760 revealed an extremely violent beginning almost four and a half billion years ago 476 00:14:08,760 --> 00:14:08,770 almost four and a half billion years ago 477 00:14:08,770 --> 00:14:12,090 almost four and a half billion years ago shortly after the moon had formed its 478 00:14:12,090 --> 00:14:12,100 shortly after the moon had formed its 479 00:14:12,100 --> 00:14:15,150 shortly after the moon had formed its entire outer shell was a seething ocean 480 00:14:15,150 --> 00:14:15,160 entire outer shell was a seething ocean 481 00:14:15,160 --> 00:14:18,180 entire outer shell was a seething ocean of molten rock melting to adapt the from 482 00:14:18,180 --> 00:14:18,190 of molten rock melting to adapt the from 483 00:14:18,190 --> 00:14:21,660 of molten rock melting to adapt the from 100 to 300 kilometres 484 00:14:21,660 --> 00:14:21,670 100 to 300 kilometres 485 00:14:21,670 --> 00:14:24,670 100 to 300 kilometres during the next 100 million years it 486 00:14:24,670 --> 00:14:24,680 during the next 100 million years it 487 00:14:24,680 --> 00:14:27,730 during the next 100 million years it began to cool and the outer shell began 488 00:14:27,730 --> 00:14:27,740 began to cool and the outer shell began 489 00:14:27,740 --> 00:14:31,120 began to cool and the outer shell began to solidify minerals began to 490 00:14:31,120 --> 00:14:31,130 to solidify minerals began to 491 00:14:31,130 --> 00:14:35,860 to solidify minerals began to crystallize high-density minerals tended 492 00:14:35,860 --> 00:14:35,870 crystallize high-density minerals tended 493 00:14:35,870 --> 00:14:39,010 crystallize high-density minerals tended to sink low density minerals floated to 494 00:14:39,010 --> 00:14:39,020 to sink low density minerals floated to 495 00:14:39,020 --> 00:14:43,060 to sink low density minerals floated to the top when cooling and solidification 496 00:14:43,060 --> 00:14:43,070 the top when cooling and solidification 497 00:14:43,070 --> 00:14:46,180 the top when cooling and solidification were complete these new distributions of 498 00:14:46,180 --> 00:14:46,190 were complete these new distributions of 499 00:14:46,190 --> 00:14:48,100 were complete these new distributions of minerals had formed the separate layers 500 00:14:48,100 --> 00:14:48,110 minerals had formed the separate layers 501 00:14:48,110 --> 00:14:55,120 minerals had formed the separate layers of crust mantle and core this process 502 00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:55,130 of crust mantle and core this process 503 00:14:55,130 --> 00:14:57,990 of crust mantle and core this process caught a lot of scientists by surprise 504 00:14:57,990 --> 00:14:58,000 caught a lot of scientists by surprise 505 00:14:58,000 --> 00:15:00,820 caught a lot of scientists by surprise melting and separation in the layers had 506 00:15:00,820 --> 00:15:00,830 melting and separation in the layers had 507 00:15:00,830 --> 00:15:05,470 melting and separation in the layers had never been proposed for the moon what's 508 00:15:05,470 --> 00:15:05,480 never been proposed for the moon what's 509 00:15:05,480 --> 00:15:07,870 never been proposed for the moon what's left of the early lunar crust after 510 00:15:07,870 --> 00:15:07,880 left of the early lunar crust after 511 00:15:07,880 --> 00:15:10,660 left of the early lunar crust after being torn apart by meteoroids is the 512 00:15:10,660 --> 00:15:10,670 being torn apart by meteoroids is the 513 00:15:10,670 --> 00:15:12,730 being torn apart by meteoroids is the light colored material we now call the 514 00:15:12,730 --> 00:15:12,740 light colored material we now call the 515 00:15:12,740 --> 00:15:17,680 light colored material we now call the highlands 516 00:15:17,680 --> 00:15:17,690 517 00:15:17,690 --> 00:15:20,800 but even as it formed meteoroids were 518 00:15:20,800 --> 00:15:20,810 but even as it formed meteoroids were 519 00:15:20,810 --> 00:15:23,950 but even as it formed meteoroids were pounding it to bits scientists are not 520 00:15:23,950 --> 00:15:23,960 pounding it to bits scientists are not 521 00:15:23,960 --> 00:15:25,600 pounding it to bits scientists are not sure about the frequency or the 522 00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:25,610 sure about the frequency or the 523 00:15:25,610 --> 00:15:27,850 sure about the frequency or the intensity of cratering during the next 524 00:15:27,850 --> 00:15:27,860 intensity of cratering during the next 525 00:15:27,860 --> 00:15:30,790 intensity of cratering during the next billion years however they are certain 526 00:15:30,790 --> 00:15:30,800 billion years however they are certain 527 00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:33,280 billion years however they are certain that about four billion years ago the 528 00:15:33,280 --> 00:15:33,290 that about four billion years ago the 529 00:15:33,290 --> 00:15:37,150 that about four billion years ago the devastation reached a peak the clues 530 00:15:37,150 --> 00:15:37,160 devastation reached a peak the clues 531 00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:39,310 devastation reached a peak the clues were found in a class of samples called 532 00:15:39,310 --> 00:15:39,320 were found in a class of samples called 533 00:15:39,320 --> 00:15:42,010 were found in a class of samples called breccias which are made up of fragments 534 00:15:42,010 --> 00:15:42,020 breccias which are made up of fragments 535 00:15:42,020 --> 00:15:44,620 breccias which are made up of fragments of different rocks all broken and welded 536 00:15:44,620 --> 00:15:44,630 of different rocks all broken and welded 537 00:15:44,630 --> 00:15:47,860 of different rocks all broken and welded together by heat some containing tiny 538 00:15:47,860 --> 00:15:47,870 together by heat some containing tiny 539 00:15:47,870 --> 00:15:52,870 together by heat some containing tiny spheres of glass with Bret she is 540 00:15:52,870 --> 00:15:52,880 spheres of glass with Bret she is 541 00:15:52,880 --> 00:15:54,790 spheres of glass with Bret she is consistently showing a gym Prince 542 00:15:54,790 --> 00:15:54,800 consistently showing a gym Prince 543 00:15:54,800 --> 00:15:57,730 consistently showing a gym Prince centered around four billion years the 544 00:15:57,730 --> 00:15:57,740 centered around four billion years the 545 00:15:57,740 --> 00:16:01,330 centered around four billion years the evidence was compelling at that time the 546 00:16:01,330 --> 00:16:01,340 evidence was compelling at that time the 547 00:16:01,340 --> 00:16:03,370 evidence was compelling at that time the lunar surface must have been bombarded 548 00:16:03,370 --> 00:16:03,380 lunar surface must have been bombarded 549 00:16:03,380 --> 00:16:07,380 lunar surface must have been bombarded and broken up on a massive scale a 550 00:16:07,380 --> 00:16:07,390 and broken up on a massive scale a 551 00:16:07,390 --> 00:16:10,180 and broken up on a massive scale a population of extremely large bodies 552 00:16:10,180 --> 00:16:10,190 population of extremely large bodies 553 00:16:10,190 --> 00:16:13,200 population of extremely large bodies some as much as 50 kilometres across 554 00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:13,210 some as much as 50 kilometres across 555 00:16:13,210 --> 00:16:18,190 some as much as 50 kilometres across smashed into the moon they blasted the 556 00:16:18,190 --> 00:16:18,200 smashed into the moon they blasted the 557 00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:20,890 smashed into the moon they blasted the crust apart and gouged out the giant 558 00:16:20,890 --> 00:16:20,900 crust apart and gouged out the giant 559 00:16:20,900 --> 00:16:25,540 crust apart and gouged out the giant Mari basins the largest of the lasons 560 00:16:25,540 --> 00:16:25,550 Mari basins the largest of the lasons 561 00:16:25,550 --> 00:16:28,330 Mari basins the largest of the lasons Mari yttrium is big enough to 562 00:16:28,330 --> 00:16:28,340 Mari yttrium is big enough to 563 00:16:28,340 --> 00:16:33,160 Mari yttrium is big enough to accommodate most of Western Europe the 564 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:33,170 accommodate most of Western Europe the 565 00:16:33,170 --> 00:16:35,230 accommodate most of Western Europe the barrage in the moon was so intense that 566 00:16:35,230 --> 00:16:35,240 barrage in the moon was so intense that 567 00:16:35,240 --> 00:16:37,720 barrage in the moon was so intense that most likely the earth received a 568 00:16:37,720 --> 00:16:37,730 most likely the earth received a 569 00:16:37,730 --> 00:16:41,260 most likely the earth received a simultaneous pounding probably the whole 570 00:16:41,260 --> 00:16:41,270 simultaneous pounding probably the whole 571 00:16:41,270 --> 00:16:43,690 simultaneous pounding probably the whole inner solar system was teeming with the 572 00:16:43,690 --> 00:16:43,700 inner solar system was teeming with the 573 00:16:43,700 --> 00:16:46,660 inner solar system was teeming with the leftovers of formation the loose debris 574 00:16:46,660 --> 00:16:46,670 leftovers of formation the loose debris 575 00:16:46,670 --> 00:16:50,730 leftovers of formation the loose debris that had not been collected into planets 576 00:16:50,730 --> 00:16:50,740 that had not been collected into planets 577 00:16:50,740 --> 00:16:54,370 that had not been collected into planets after this major Cataclysm the cratering 578 00:16:54,370 --> 00:16:54,380 after this major Cataclysm the cratering 579 00:16:54,380 --> 00:16:57,130 after this major Cataclysm the cratering rate began to subside and the solar 580 00:16:57,130 --> 00:16:57,140 rate began to subside and the solar 581 00:16:57,140 --> 00:16:59,620 rate began to subside and the solar system rapidly became a fairly clean 582 00:16:59,620 --> 00:16:59,630 system rapidly became a fairly clean 583 00:16:59,630 --> 00:17:03,460 system rapidly became a fairly clean place by now the moon the earth and the 584 00:17:03,460 --> 00:17:03,470 place by now the moon the earth and the 585 00:17:03,470 --> 00:17:06,340 place by now the moon the earth and the other planets had swept up most of the 586 00:17:06,340 --> 00:17:06,350 other planets had swept up most of the 587 00:17:06,350 --> 00:17:10,960 other planets had swept up most of the loose debris the next stage of lunar 588 00:17:10,960 --> 00:17:10,970 loose debris the next stage of lunar 589 00:17:10,970 --> 00:17:13,000 loose debris the next stage of lunar history was recorded in the basaltic 590 00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:13,010 history was recorded in the basaltic 591 00:17:13,010 --> 00:17:17,370 history was recorded in the basaltic lavas recovered from the Mari basins 592 00:17:17,370 --> 00:17:17,380 593 00:17:17,380 --> 00:17:20,100 some 100 million years after the heavy 594 00:17:20,100 --> 00:17:20,110 some 100 million years after the heavy 595 00:17:20,110 --> 00:17:22,710 some 100 million years after the heavy bombardment ended heat from decay of 596 00:17:22,710 --> 00:17:22,720 bombardment ended heat from decay of 597 00:17:22,720 --> 00:17:25,170 bombardment ended heat from decay of radioactive elements began to build up 598 00:17:25,170 --> 00:17:25,180 radioactive elements began to build up 599 00:17:25,180 --> 00:17:28,950 radioactive elements began to build up inside the moon eventually getting hot 600 00:17:28,950 --> 00:17:28,960 inside the moon eventually getting hot 601 00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:32,490 inside the moon eventually getting hot enough to melt the rocky material in 602 00:17:32,490 --> 00:17:32,500 enough to melt the rocky material in 603 00:17:32,500 --> 00:17:35,190 enough to melt the rocky material in time as the melting spread the 604 00:17:35,190 --> 00:17:35,200 time as the melting spread the 605 00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:37,410 time as the melting spread the accumulated lavas were forced upward 606 00:17:37,410 --> 00:17:37,420 accumulated lavas were forced upward 607 00:17:37,420 --> 00:17:39,390 accumulated lavas were forced upward through false and fissures to the 608 00:17:39,390 --> 00:17:39,400 through false and fissures to the 609 00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:41,550 through false and fissures to the surface where they began to fill the 610 00:17:41,550 --> 00:17:41,560 surface where they began to fill the 611 00:17:41,560 --> 00:17:51,120 surface where they began to fill the large basins filling the basins forming 612 00:17:51,120 --> 00:17:51,130 large basins filling the basins forming 613 00:17:51,130 --> 00:17:53,130 large basins filling the basins forming the lunar Marya much as they now appear 614 00:17:53,130 --> 00:17:53,140 the lunar Marya much as they now appear 615 00:17:53,140 --> 00:17:56,220 the lunar Marya much as they now appear was not however the result of a single 616 00:17:56,220 --> 00:17:56,230 was not however the result of a single 617 00:17:56,230 --> 00:18:01,710 was not however the result of a single rampaging lava flow age dating show that 618 00:18:01,710 --> 00:18:01,720 rampaging lava flow age dating show that 619 00:18:01,720 --> 00:18:04,560 rampaging lava flow age dating show that lava was extruded intermittently in one 620 00:18:04,560 --> 00:18:04,570 lava was extruded intermittently in one 621 00:18:04,570 --> 00:18:06,840 lava was extruded intermittently in one place or another for almost a billion 622 00:18:06,840 --> 00:18:06,850 place or another for almost a billion 623 00:18:06,850 --> 00:18:10,470 place or another for almost a billion years from three point nine to three 624 00:18:10,470 --> 00:18:10,480 years from three point nine to three 625 00:18:10,480 --> 00:18:15,990 years from three point nine to three billion years ago after that the moon 626 00:18:15,990 --> 00:18:16,000 billion years ago after that the moon 627 00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:18,450 billion years ago after that the moon settled down to a quieter existence and 628 00:18:18,450 --> 00:18:18,460 settled down to a quieter existence and 629 00:18:18,460 --> 00:18:21,090 settled down to a quieter existence and has remained essentially the same to the 630 00:18:21,090 --> 00:18:21,100 has remained essentially the same to the 631 00:18:21,100 --> 00:18:25,500 has remained essentially the same to the present day among the subtle changes 632 00:18:25,500 --> 00:18:25,510 present day among the subtle changes 633 00:18:25,510 --> 00:18:27,390 present day among the subtle changes which have continued on the moon is 634 00:18:27,390 --> 00:18:27,400 which have continued on the moon is 635 00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:30,330 which have continued on the moon is solar wind bombardment the steady flow 636 00:18:30,330 --> 00:18:30,340 solar wind bombardment the steady flow 637 00:18:30,340 --> 00:18:32,820 solar wind bombardment the steady flow of atomic particles streaming outward 638 00:18:32,820 --> 00:18:32,830 of atomic particles streaming outward 639 00:18:32,830 --> 00:18:36,900 of atomic particles streaming outward from the Sun particles striking the moon 640 00:18:36,900 --> 00:18:36,910 from the Sun particles striking the moon 641 00:18:36,910 --> 00:18:39,510 from the Sun particles striking the moon many millions of years ago left their 642 00:18:39,510 --> 00:18:39,520 many millions of years ago left their 643 00:18:39,520 --> 00:18:42,120 many millions of years ago left their evidence embedded in lunar materials and 644 00:18:42,120 --> 00:18:42,130 evidence embedded in lunar materials and 645 00:18:42,130 --> 00:18:46,500 evidence embedded in lunar materials and these can be detected today this 646 00:18:46,500 --> 00:18:46,510 these can be detected today this 647 00:18:46,510 --> 00:18:48,780 these can be detected today this scanning electron microscope for example 648 00:18:48,780 --> 00:18:48,790 scanning electron microscope for example 649 00:18:48,790 --> 00:18:50,940 scanning electron microscope for example is studying the tracks left by solar 650 00:18:50,940 --> 00:18:50,950 is studying the tracks left by solar 651 00:18:50,950 --> 00:18:53,280 is studying the tracks left by solar particles as they pass through a lunar 652 00:18:53,280 --> 00:18:53,290 particles as they pass through a lunar 653 00:18:53,290 --> 00:18:56,790 particles as they pass through a lunar sample by making such precise 654 00:18:56,790 --> 00:18:56,800 sample by making such precise 655 00:18:56,800 --> 00:18:58,950 sample by making such precise measurements scientists are able to 656 00:18:58,950 --> 00:18:58,960 measurements scientists are able to 657 00:18:58,960 --> 00:19:01,050 measurements scientists are able to construct a long-term history of the 658 00:19:01,050 --> 00:19:01,060 construct a long-term history of the 659 00:19:01,060 --> 00:19:05,040 construct a long-term history of the sun's activity the surprising result is 660 00:19:05,040 --> 00:19:05,050 sun's activity the surprising result is 661 00:19:05,050 --> 00:19:07,050 sun's activity the surprising result is that the Sun has been a fairly well 662 00:19:07,050 --> 00:19:07,060 that the Sun has been a fairly well 663 00:19:07,060 --> 00:19:11,210 that the Sun has been a fairly well behaved star for many millions of years 664 00:19:11,210 --> 00:19:11,220 behaved star for many millions of years 665 00:19:11,220 --> 00:19:14,130 behaved star for many millions of years there were no noticeable Sun deviations 666 00:19:14,130 --> 00:19:14,140 there were no noticeable Sun deviations 667 00:19:14,140 --> 00:19:16,760 there were no noticeable Sun deviations even during the Ice Ages of Earth a 668 00:19:16,760 --> 00:19:16,770 even during the Ice Ages of Earth a 669 00:19:16,770 --> 00:19:19,620 even during the Ice Ages of Earth a finding attends to weaken theories the 670 00:19:19,620 --> 00:19:19,630 finding attends to weaken theories the 671 00:19:19,630 --> 00:19:24,910 finding attends to weaken theories the link Earth's climate with luminosity 672 00:19:24,910 --> 00:19:24,920 673 00:19:24,920 --> 00:19:27,860 the samples did not completely satisfy a 674 00:19:27,860 --> 00:19:27,870 the samples did not completely satisfy a 675 00:19:27,870 --> 00:19:31,630 the samples did not completely satisfy a major pre Apollo enigma how the moon 676 00:19:31,630 --> 00:19:31,640 major pre Apollo enigma how the moon 677 00:19:31,640 --> 00:19:36,230 major pre Apollo enigma how the moon originated processing of a lunar 678 00:19:36,230 --> 00:19:36,240 originated processing of a lunar 679 00:19:36,240 --> 00:19:39,400 originated processing of a lunar materials by melting of the outer shell 680 00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:39,410 materials by melting of the outer shell 681 00:19:39,410 --> 00:19:42,980 materials by melting of the outer shell meteoroid bombardment and the long 682 00:19:42,980 --> 00:19:42,990 meteoroid bombardment and the long 683 00:19:42,990 --> 00:19:46,490 meteoroid bombardment and the long volcanic phase destroyed all traces of 684 00:19:46,490 --> 00:19:46,500 volcanic phase destroyed all traces of 685 00:19:46,500 --> 00:19:49,750 volcanic phase destroyed all traces of the moon's primitive starting material 686 00:19:49,750 --> 00:19:49,760 the moon's primitive starting material 687 00:19:49,760 --> 00:19:52,400 the moon's primitive starting material however investigators have recently 688 00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:52,410 however investigators have recently 689 00:19:52,410 --> 00:19:54,680 however investigators have recently discovered certain earth-moon chemical 690 00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:54,690 discovered certain earth-moon chemical 691 00:19:54,690 --> 00:19:57,470 discovered certain earth-moon chemical similarities that can be explained only 692 00:19:57,470 --> 00:19:57,480 similarities that can be explained only 693 00:19:57,480 --> 00:19:58,970 similarities that can be explained only if they originated in the same 694 00:19:58,970 --> 00:19:58,980 if they originated in the same 695 00:19:58,980 --> 00:20:02,270 if they originated in the same neighborhood but the mechanism of origin 696 00:20:02,270 --> 00:20:02,280 neighborhood but the mechanism of origin 697 00:20:02,280 --> 00:20:05,710 neighborhood but the mechanism of origin could have happened any of three ways 698 00:20:05,710 --> 00:20:05,720 could have happened any of three ways 699 00:20:05,720 --> 00:20:08,480 could have happened any of three ways the moon could have been torn from the 700 00:20:08,480 --> 00:20:08,490 the moon could have been torn from the 701 00:20:08,490 --> 00:20:10,460 the moon could have been torn from the primitive earth and captured in its 702 00:20:10,460 --> 00:20:10,470 primitive earth and captured in its 703 00:20:10,470 --> 00:20:13,370 primitive earth and captured in its present orbit 704 00:20:13,370 --> 00:20:13,380 705 00:20:13,380 --> 00:20:15,800 the moon at earth could have accreted 706 00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:15,810 the moon at earth could have accreted 707 00:20:15,810 --> 00:20:18,230 the moon at earth could have accreted from particles in the same vicinity at 708 00:20:18,230 --> 00:20:18,240 from particles in the same vicinity at 709 00:20:18,240 --> 00:20:23,480 from particles in the same vicinity at the same time or the moon could have 710 00:20:23,480 --> 00:20:23,490 the same time or the moon could have 711 00:20:23,490 --> 00:20:25,430 the same time or the moon could have condensed out of an early primitive 712 00:20:25,430 --> 00:20:25,440 condensed out of an early primitive 713 00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:28,730 condensed out of an early primitive atmosphere surrounding earth lunar 714 00:20:28,730 --> 00:20:28,740 atmosphere surrounding earth lunar 715 00:20:28,740 --> 00:20:31,220 atmosphere surrounding earth lunar origin remains an open question that 716 00:20:31,220 --> 00:20:31,230 origin remains an open question that 717 00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:39,800 origin remains an open question that will not be easily solved before the 718 00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:39,810 will not be easily solved before the 719 00:20:39,810 --> 00:20:42,260 will not be easily solved before the Apollo program scientists were struck by 720 00:20:42,260 --> 00:20:42,270 Apollo program scientists were struck by 721 00:20:42,270 --> 00:20:44,770 Apollo program scientists were struck by the differences in the earth and whom 722 00:20:44,770 --> 00:20:44,780 the differences in the earth and whom 723 00:20:44,780 --> 00:20:47,240 the differences in the earth and whom many believe the moon was a solid 724 00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:47,250 many believe the moon was a solid 725 00:20:47,250 --> 00:20:49,550 many believe the moon was a solid homogeneous sphere related more to 726 00:20:49,550 --> 00:20:49,560 homogeneous sphere related more to 727 00:20:49,560 --> 00:20:51,860 homogeneous sphere related more to primitive meteorites than it was to the 728 00:20:51,860 --> 00:20:51,870 primitive meteorites than it was to the 729 00:20:51,870 --> 00:20:55,670 primitive meteorites than it was to the planets but after analyzing lunar 730 00:20:55,670 --> 00:20:55,680 planets but after analyzing lunar 731 00:20:55,680 --> 00:20:58,340 planets but after analyzing lunar materials seeing the patterns of 732 00:20:58,340 --> 00:20:58,350 materials seeing the patterns of 733 00:20:58,350 --> 00:21:00,830 materials seeing the patterns of chemical elements the minerals that had 734 00:21:00,830 --> 00:21:00,840 chemical elements the minerals that had 735 00:21:00,840 --> 00:21:03,170 chemical elements the minerals that had formed from these elements on the 736 00:21:03,170 --> 00:21:03,180 formed from these elements on the 737 00:21:03,180 --> 00:21:05,530 formed from these elements on the arrangements of these men rules in rocks 738 00:21:05,530 --> 00:21:05,540 arrangements of these men rules in rocks 739 00:21:05,540 --> 00:21:08,720 arrangements of these men rules in rocks they came to realize that the moon had 740 00:21:08,720 --> 00:21:08,730 they came to realize that the moon had 741 00:21:08,730 --> 00:21:11,300 they came to realize that the moon had all the earmarks of an evolved planet 742 00:21:11,300 --> 00:21:11,310 all the earmarks of an evolved planet 743 00:21:11,310 --> 00:21:14,900 all the earmarks of an evolved planet with a history all its own the 744 00:21:14,900 --> 00:21:14,910 with a history all its own the 745 00:21:14,910 --> 00:21:16,790 with a history all its own the difference they found was in the 746 00:21:16,790 --> 00:21:16,800 difference they found was in the 747 00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:18,980 difference they found was in the separate paths of evolution the Earth 748 00:21:18,980 --> 00:21:18,990 separate paths of evolution the Earth 749 00:21:18,990 --> 00:21:21,860 separate paths of evolution the Earth and Moon have taken primarily the result 750 00:21:21,860 --> 00:21:21,870 and Moon have taken primarily the result 751 00:21:21,870 --> 00:21:24,110 and Moon have taken primarily the result of their different sizes and starting 752 00:21:24,110 --> 00:21:24,120 of their different sizes and starting 753 00:21:24,120 --> 00:21:28,430 of their different sizes and starting conditions if the earth and moon formed 754 00:21:28,430 --> 00:21:28,440 conditions if the earth and moon formed 755 00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:30,890 conditions if the earth and moon formed near each other they probably started 756 00:21:30,890 --> 00:21:30,900 near each other they probably started 757 00:21:30,900 --> 00:21:33,050 near each other they probably started out with a similar mixture of elements 758 00:21:33,050 --> 00:21:33,060 out with a similar mixture of elements 759 00:21:33,060 --> 00:21:38,630 out with a similar mixture of elements such as aluminum silicon and oxygen like 760 00:21:38,630 --> 00:21:38,640 such as aluminum silicon and oxygen like 761 00:21:38,640 --> 00:21:41,630 such as aluminum silicon and oxygen like the moon the earth probably experienced 762 00:21:41,630 --> 00:21:41,640 the moon the earth probably experienced 763 00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:43,910 the moon the earth probably experienced an early melting phase that resulted in 764 00:21:43,910 --> 00:21:43,920 an early melting phase that resulted in 765 00:21:43,920 --> 00:21:48,320 an early melting phase that resulted in its separation in two layers the heavy 766 00:21:48,320 --> 00:21:48,330 its separation in two layers the heavy 767 00:21:48,330 --> 00:21:50,630 its separation in two layers the heavy bombardment phase discovered on the moon 768 00:21:50,630 --> 00:21:50,640 bombardment phase discovered on the moon 769 00:21:50,640 --> 00:21:53,270 bombardment phase discovered on the moon must have been sustained equally by the 770 00:21:53,270 --> 00:21:53,280 must have been sustained equally by the 771 00:21:53,280 --> 00:21:54,499 must have been sustained equally by the earth 772 00:21:54,499 --> 00:21:54,509 earth 773 00:21:54,509 --> 00:21:57,169 earth but during the phase of internal melting 774 00:21:57,169 --> 00:21:57,179 but during the phase of internal melting 775 00:21:57,179 --> 00:22:00,019 but during the phase of internal melting and volcanism their common ancestry 776 00:22:00,019 --> 00:22:00,029 and volcanism their common ancestry 777 00:22:00,029 --> 00:22:03,169 and volcanism their common ancestry began to diverge in a way that would set 778 00:22:03,169 --> 00:22:03,179 began to diverge in a way that would set 779 00:22:03,179 --> 00:22:07,339 began to diverge in a way that would set them apart forever for one thing the 780 00:22:07,339 --> 00:22:07,349 them apart forever for one thing the 781 00:22:07,349 --> 00:22:10,219 them apart forever for one thing the moon being smaller had a lesser share of 782 00:22:10,219 --> 00:22:10,229 moon being smaller had a lesser share of 783 00:22:10,229 --> 00:22:12,039 moon being smaller had a lesser share of radioactive elements than the earth and 784 00:22:12,039 --> 00:22:12,049 radioactive elements than the earth and 785 00:22:12,049 --> 00:22:14,919 radioactive elements than the earth and these are the elements that in decaying 786 00:22:14,919 --> 00:22:14,929 these are the elements that in decaying 787 00:22:14,929 --> 00:22:20,209 these are the elements that in decaying generate heat also the heat that was 788 00:22:20,209 --> 00:22:20,219 generate heat also the heat that was 789 00:22:20,219 --> 00:22:23,299 generate heat also the heat that was produced was lost more rapidly simply 790 00:22:23,299 --> 00:22:23,309 produced was lost more rapidly simply 791 00:22:23,309 --> 00:22:25,999 produced was lost more rapidly simply because the smaller the body the faster 792 00:22:25,999 --> 00:22:26,009 because the smaller the body the faster 793 00:22:26,009 --> 00:22:30,979 because the smaller the body the faster it loses heat the larger earth with a 794 00:22:30,979 --> 00:22:30,989 it loses heat the larger earth with a 795 00:22:30,989 --> 00:22:33,439 it loses heat the larger earth with a larger store of heat making elements and 796 00:22:33,439 --> 00:22:33,449 larger store of heat making elements and 797 00:22:33,449 --> 00:22:36,519 larger store of heat making elements and the potential to hold heat longer 798 00:22:36,519 --> 00:22:36,529 the potential to hold heat longer 799 00:22:36,529 --> 00:22:39,339 the potential to hold heat longer developed a massive molten iron core 800 00:22:39,339 --> 00:22:39,349 developed a massive molten iron core 801 00:22:39,349 --> 00:22:41,899 developed a massive molten iron core that would help keep our planet running 802 00:22:41,899 --> 00:22:41,909 that would help keep our planet running 803 00:22:41,909 --> 00:22:47,269 that would help keep our planet running as it does now for billions of years the 804 00:22:47,269 --> 00:22:47,279 as it does now for billions of years the 805 00:22:47,279 --> 00:22:50,930 as it does now for billions of years the intense heat powers volcanoes recycling 806 00:22:50,930 --> 00:22:50,940 intense heat powers volcanoes recycling 807 00:22:50,940 --> 00:22:53,209 intense heat powers volcanoes recycling rocky materials to continually produce 808 00:22:53,209 --> 00:22:53,219 rocky materials to continually produce 809 00:22:53,219 --> 00:22:56,869 rocky materials to continually produce new crust of the surface heat from 810 00:22:56,869 --> 00:22:56,879 new crust of the surface heat from 811 00:22:56,879 --> 00:22:59,779 new crust of the surface heat from radioactive decay also created a narrow 812 00:22:59,779 --> 00:22:59,789 radioactive decay also created a narrow 813 00:22:59,789 --> 00:23:02,559 radioactive decay also created a narrow zone of molten rock just below the crust 814 00:23:02,559 --> 00:23:02,569 zone of molten rock just below the crust 815 00:23:02,569 --> 00:23:05,689 zone of molten rock just below the crust it acts as a sort of lubricant allowing 816 00:23:05,689 --> 00:23:05,699 it acts as a sort of lubricant allowing 817 00:23:05,699 --> 00:23:09,999 it acts as a sort of lubricant allowing the crust to shift about as thin plates 818 00:23:09,999 --> 00:23:10,009 the crust to shift about as thin plates 819 00:23:10,009 --> 00:23:13,129 the crust to shift about as thin plates it is these lateral plate movements that 820 00:23:13,129 --> 00:23:13,139 it is these lateral plate movements that 821 00:23:13,139 --> 00:23:15,229 it is these lateral plate movements that have given the earth that's wide variety 822 00:23:15,229 --> 00:23:15,239 have given the earth that's wide variety 823 00:23:15,239 --> 00:23:21,680 have given the earth that's wide variety of changing surface features 824 00:23:21,680 --> 00:23:21,690 825 00:23:21,690 --> 00:23:25,260 the moon with a crust so thick and rigid 826 00:23:25,260 --> 00:23:25,270 the moon with a crust so thick and rigid 827 00:23:25,270 --> 00:23:29,480 the moon with a crust so thick and rigid never experienced lateral playful but 828 00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:29,490 never experienced lateral playful but 829 00:23:29,490 --> 00:23:32,610 never experienced lateral playful but its mountains which tend to lie in rings 830 00:23:32,610 --> 00:23:32,620 its mountains which tend to lie in rings 831 00:23:32,620 --> 00:23:34,620 its mountains which tend to lie in rings on the periphery of the large basins 832 00:23:34,620 --> 00:23:34,630 on the periphery of the large basins 833 00:23:34,630 --> 00:23:37,200 on the periphery of the large basins were built from materials displaced from 834 00:23:37,200 --> 00:23:37,210 were built from materials displaced from 835 00:23:37,210 --> 00:23:38,910 were built from materials displaced from the basins when they were formed by 836 00:23:38,910 --> 00:23:38,920 the basins when they were formed by 837 00:23:38,920 --> 00:23:43,440 the basins when they were formed by impact nor were lunar rills formed by 838 00:23:43,440 --> 00:23:43,450 impact nor were lunar rills formed by 839 00:23:43,450 --> 00:23:45,900 impact nor were lunar rills formed by crustal shifting or by the cutting 840 00:23:45,900 --> 00:23:45,910 crustal shifting or by the cutting 841 00:23:45,910 --> 00:23:48,120 crustal shifting or by the cutting action of water as they often are on 842 00:23:48,120 --> 00:23:48,130 action of water as they often are on 843 00:23:48,130 --> 00:23:51,540 action of water as they often are on earth scientists believe they are old 844 00:23:51,540 --> 00:23:51,550 earth scientists believe they are old 845 00:23:51,550 --> 00:23:54,000 earth scientists believe they are old lava tubes that have collapsed over the 846 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:54,010 lava tubes that have collapsed over the 847 00:23:54,010 --> 00:23:58,860 lava tubes that have collapsed over the last 3 billion years at the time the 848 00:23:58,860 --> 00:23:58,870 last 3 billion years at the time the 849 00:23:58,870 --> 00:24:01,140 last 3 billion years at the time the moon was losing heat it was also losing 850 00:24:01,140 --> 00:24:01,150 moon was losing heat it was also losing 851 00:24:01,150 --> 00:24:04,470 moon was losing heat it was also losing its volcanic gases and it is from such 852 00:24:04,470 --> 00:24:04,480 its volcanic gases and it is from such 853 00:24:04,480 --> 00:24:08,280 its volcanic gases and it is from such gases that atmospheres form but with a 854 00:24:08,280 --> 00:24:08,290 gases that atmospheres form but with a 855 00:24:08,290 --> 00:24:10,560 gases that atmospheres form but with a weak gravitational field again the 856 00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:10,570 weak gravitational field again the 857 00:24:10,570 --> 00:24:13,770 weak gravitational field again the result of size the moon was unable to 858 00:24:13,770 --> 00:24:13,780 result of size the moon was unable to 859 00:24:13,780 --> 00:24:18,390 result of size the moon was unable to retain even the heaviest gases Earth's 860 00:24:18,390 --> 00:24:18,400 retain even the heaviest gases Earth's 861 00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:21,660 retain even the heaviest gases Earth's gravity held most of its gases gases 862 00:24:21,660 --> 00:24:21,670 gravity held most of its gases gases 863 00:24:21,670 --> 00:24:23,790 gravity held most of its gases gases that eventually formed a primitive 864 00:24:23,790 --> 00:24:23,800 that eventually formed a primitive 865 00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:27,840 that eventually formed a primitive atmosphere 866 00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:27,850 867 00:24:27,850 --> 00:24:30,720 and from that atmosphere came torrents 868 00:24:30,720 --> 00:24:30,730 and from that atmosphere came torrents 869 00:24:30,730 --> 00:24:40,580 and from that atmosphere came torrents of rain for millions of years 870 00:24:40,580 --> 00:24:40,590 871 00:24:40,590 --> 00:24:43,220 the patient's were filled and the earth 872 00:24:43,220 --> 00:24:43,230 the patient's were filled and the earth 873 00:24:43,230 --> 00:24:47,230 the patient's were filled and the earth had oceans and seas lakes and rivers and 874 00:24:47,230 --> 00:24:47,240 had oceans and seas lakes and rivers and 875 00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:50,120 had oceans and seas lakes and rivers and from the water life itself would 876 00:24:50,120 --> 00:24:50,130 from the water life itself would 877 00:24:50,130 --> 00:25:04,639 from the water life itself would eventually arise 878 00:25:04,639 --> 00:25:04,649 879 00:25:04,649 --> 00:25:07,560 the moon with no chance of forming an 880 00:25:07,560 --> 00:25:07,570 the moon with no chance of forming an 881 00:25:07,570 --> 00:25:09,779 the moon with no chance of forming an atmosphere could not develop even the 882 00:25:09,779 --> 00:25:09,789 atmosphere could not develop even the 883 00:25:09,789 --> 00:25:12,570 atmosphere could not develop even the lowest forms of life it was just too 884 00:25:12,570 --> 00:25:12,580 lowest forms of life it was just too 885 00:25:12,580 --> 00:25:15,749 lowest forms of life it was just too small to make it after about a billion 886 00:25:15,749 --> 00:25:15,759 small to make it after about a billion 887 00:25:15,759 --> 00:25:18,089 small to make it after about a billion and a half years it reached the terminal 888 00:25:18,089 --> 00:25:18,099 and a half years it reached the terminal 889 00:25:18,099 --> 00:25:21,440 and a half years it reached the terminal phase of its relatively short evolution 890 00:25:21,440 --> 00:25:21,450 phase of its relatively short evolution 891 00:25:21,450 --> 00:25:24,089 phase of its relatively short evolution the story of the moon is still not 892 00:25:24,089 --> 00:25:24,099 the story of the moon is still not 893 00:25:24,099 --> 00:25:26,849 the story of the moon is still not complete although its historical outline 894 00:25:26,849 --> 00:25:26,859 complete although its historical outline 895 00:25:26,859 --> 00:25:28,859 complete although its historical outline once it formed has been firmly 896 00:25:28,859 --> 00:25:28,869 once it formed has been firmly 897 00:25:28,869 --> 00:25:31,649 once it formed has been firmly established its basic structure and 898 00:25:31,649 --> 00:25:31,659 established its basic structure and 899 00:25:31,659 --> 00:25:34,019 established its basic structure and chemistry have been determined many 900 00:25:34,019 --> 00:25:34,029 chemistry have been determined many 901 00:25:34,029 --> 00:25:37,619 chemistry have been determined many questions remain only about ten percent 902 00:25:37,619 --> 00:25:37,629 questions remain only about ten percent 903 00:25:37,629 --> 00:25:39,930 questions remain only about ten percent of the samples returned by Apollo 904 00:25:39,930 --> 00:25:39,940 of the samples returned by Apollo 905 00:25:39,940 --> 00:25:41,999 of the samples returned by Apollo astronauts have been investigated in 906 00:25:41,999 --> 00:25:42,009 astronauts have been investigated in 907 00:25:42,009 --> 00:25:45,029 astronauts have been investigated in detail thus far so a lot of work lies 908 00:25:45,029 --> 00:25:45,039 detail thus far so a lot of work lies 909 00:25:45,039 --> 00:25:49,109 detail thus far so a lot of work lies ahead deciphering the complex stretches 910 00:25:49,109 --> 00:25:49,119 ahead deciphering the complex stretches 911 00:25:49,119 --> 00:25:51,479 ahead deciphering the complex stretches and core samples is slow and tedious 912 00:25:51,479 --> 00:25:51,489 and core samples is slow and tedious 913 00:25:51,489 --> 00:25:54,930 and core samples is slow and tedious work but it is here that extremely 914 00:25:54,930 --> 00:25:54,940 work but it is here that extremely 915 00:25:54,940 --> 00:25:56,820 work but it is here that extremely complicated measurements are now being 916 00:25:56,820 --> 00:25:56,830 complicated measurements are now being 917 00:25:56,830 --> 00:25:59,389 complicated measurements are now being made measurements aimed at uncovering 918 00:25:59,389 --> 00:25:59,399 made measurements aimed at uncovering 919 00:25:59,399 --> 00:26:02,909 made measurements aimed at uncovering facts about the moon's origin its first 920 00:26:02,909 --> 00:26:02,919 facts about the moon's origin its first 921 00:26:02,919 --> 00:26:05,909 facts about the moon's origin its first 100 million years its volcanic history 922 00:26:05,909 --> 00:26:05,919 100 million years its volcanic history 923 00:26:05,919 --> 00:26:17,910 100 million years its volcanic history and more about the history of the Sun 924 00:26:17,910 --> 00:26:17,920 925 00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:20,850 when will we return to the moon no one 926 00:26:20,850 --> 00:26:20,860 when will we return to the moon no one 927 00:26:20,860 --> 00:26:23,310 when will we return to the moon no one can say for sure but certainly it has a 928 00:26:23,310 --> 00:26:23,320 can say for sure but certainly it has a 929 00:26:23,320 --> 00:26:27,840 can say for sure but certainly it has a role to play in the future for a science 930 00:26:27,840 --> 00:26:27,850 role to play in the future for a science 931 00:26:27,850 --> 00:26:30,540 role to play in the future for a science colony its location the lack of a 932 00:26:30,540 --> 00:26:30,550 colony its location the lack of a 933 00:26:30,550 --> 00:26:32,790 colony its location the lack of a distorting atmosphere make it a natural 934 00:26:32,790 --> 00:26:32,800 distorting atmosphere make it a natural 935 00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:36,720 distorting atmosphere make it a natural choice as a staging base the moon may 936 00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:36,730 choice as a staging base the moon may 937 00:26:36,730 --> 00:26:38,970 choice as a staging base the moon may someday launch exploratory missions to 938 00:26:38,970 --> 00:26:38,980 someday launch exploratory missions to 939 00:26:38,980 --> 00:26:42,780 someday launch exploratory missions to the planets and beyond the moon is also 940 00:26:42,780 --> 00:26:42,790 the planets and beyond the moon is also 941 00:26:42,790 --> 00:26:45,000 the planets and beyond the moon is also a potential mining site for extraction 942 00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:45,010 a potential mining site for extraction 943 00:26:45,010 --> 00:26:46,880 a potential mining site for extraction of its abundant storehouse of metals 944 00:26:46,880 --> 00:26:46,890 of its abundant storehouse of metals 945 00:26:46,890 --> 00:26:51,720 of its abundant storehouse of metals aluminum titanium calcium iron raw 946 00:26:51,720 --> 00:26:51,730 aluminum titanium calcium iron raw 947 00:26:51,730 --> 00:26:53,400 aluminum titanium calcium iron raw materials that could be used for 948 00:26:53,400 --> 00:26:53,410 materials that could be used for 949 00:26:53,410 --> 00:26:56,840 materials that could be used for building large-scale structures in space 950 00:26:56,840 --> 00:26:56,850 building large-scale structures in space 951 00:26:56,850 --> 00:27:00,330 building large-scale structures in space today after 10 years of lunar and 952 00:27:00,330 --> 00:27:00,340 today after 10 years of lunar and 953 00:27:00,340 --> 00:27:02,820 today after 10 years of lunar and planetary investigations interest and 954 00:27:02,820 --> 00:27:02,830 planetary investigations interest and 955 00:27:02,830 --> 00:27:09,060 planetary investigations interest and momentum continued to grow the lessons 956 00:27:09,060 --> 00:27:09,070 momentum continued to grow the lessons 957 00:27:09,070 --> 00:27:10,860 momentum continued to grow the lessons learned from the moon are being applied 958 00:27:10,860 --> 00:27:10,870 learned from the moon are being applied 959 00:27:10,870 --> 00:27:13,490 learned from the moon are being applied to the earth and to the other planets 960 00:27:13,490 --> 00:27:13,500 to the earth and to the other planets 961 00:27:13,500 --> 00:27:20,030 to the earth and to the other planets especially nearby Venus mercury and Mars 962 00:27:20,030 --> 00:27:20,040 963 00:27:20,040 --> 00:27:22,860 the process is observed on these planets 964 00:27:22,860 --> 00:27:22,870 the process is observed on these planets 965 00:27:22,870 --> 00:27:26,190 the process is observed on these planets are as strange as ever but no longer are 966 00:27:26,190 --> 00:27:26,200 are as strange as ever but no longer are 967 00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:31,860 are as strange as ever but no longer are they mysterious scientists see them as 968 00:27:31,860 --> 00:27:31,870 they mysterious scientists see them as 969 00:27:31,870 --> 00:27:33,720 they mysterious scientists see them as extensions of patterns which are now 970 00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:33,730 extensions of patterns which are now 971 00:27:33,730 --> 00:27:37,230 extensions of patterns which are now familiar and in time they will 972 00:27:37,230 --> 00:27:37,240 familiar and in time they will 973 00:27:37,240 --> 00:27:39,000 familiar and in time they will understand their structure their 974 00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:39,010 understand their structure their 975 00:27:39,010 --> 00:27:41,850 understand their structure their evolution how they relate to earth and 976 00:27:41,850 --> 00:27:41,860 evolution how they relate to earth and 977 00:27:41,860 --> 00:27:45,210 evolution how they relate to earth and eventually how this solar system of ours 978 00:27:45,210 --> 00:27:45,220 eventually how this solar system of ours 979 00:27:45,220 --> 00:27:49,710 eventually how this solar system of ours came to be Apollo was much more than a 980 00:27:49,710 --> 00:27:49,720 came to be Apollo was much more than a 981 00:27:49,720 --> 00:27:51,640 came to be Apollo was much more than a triumph of Technology 982 00:27:51,640 --> 00:27:51,650 triumph of Technology 983 00:27:51,650 --> 00:27:54,300 triumph of Technology like Columbus voyage to the New World 984 00:27:54,300 --> 00:27:54,310 like Columbus voyage to the New World 985 00:27:54,310 --> 00:27:56,620 like Columbus voyage to the New World the Wright brothers flights at Kitty 986 00:27:56,620 --> 00:27:56,630 the Wright brothers flights at Kitty 987 00:27:56,630 --> 00:27:59,410 the Wright brothers flights at Kitty Hawk the Apollo missions to the moon 988 00:27:59,410 --> 00:27:59,420 Hawk the Apollo missions to the moon 989 00:27:59,420 --> 00:28:01,600 Hawk the Apollo missions to the moon mark a major turning point in human 990 00:28:01,600 --> 00:28:01,610 mark a major turning point in human 991 00:28:01,610 --> 00:28:06,490 mark a major turning point in human history Apollo was the first step in a 992 00:28:06,490 --> 00:28:06,500 history Apollo was the first step in a 993 00:28:06,500 --> 00:28:09,970 history Apollo was the first step in a journey that will never end